In Open Air 1810–1930

Elizabeth Forbes, Volendam, Holland, from the Zuidende  ?1895

Volendam is a small fishing village near Amsterdam. The 17th-century Hervormde church can be seen in the distance, and beyond that, the masts of ships moored in the harbour. Volendam was popular with artists in the 19th century. Forbes made several trips to the area. Inspired by French impressionist artists, she liked to paint everyday scenes outdoors. Forbes was a Canadian and exhibited internationally. She lived in Newlyn in Cornwall, where she was a leading member of the Newlyn School and co-founded an art school.

Gallery label, September 2020

Sir George Clausen, Winter Work  1883–4

In the 1880s Clausen devoted himself to painting realistic scenes of rural work after seeing such pictures by the French artist Jules Bastien-Lepage (1848-84). In this picture he shows a family of field workers topping and tailing swedes for sheep fodder. It was painted at Chilwick Green near St Albans, where the artist had moved in 1881. He uses subdued colouring to capture the dull light and cold of winter, and manages to convey the hard reality of country work. Such unromanticised scenes of country life were often rejected by the selectors of the Royal Academy annual exhibitions.

Gallery label, September 2004

John Linnell, The East Side of the Edgware Road, Looking Towards Kensington Gardens  c.1812

John Singer Sargent, Claude Monet Painting by the Edge of a Wood  ?1885

Sargent first met Monet in 1876, but the two artists were closest ten years later. It was probably in 1885 that they painted together at Giverny, near Paris. Sargent admired the way that Monet worked out of doors, and imitated some of his subjects and methods in sketches such as this. It is characteristic of Sargent to give a human view of Monet's practice and of the patience of his wife, who sits behind him. When he settled in London in 1885 Sargent was initially viewed as avant-garde, but came to be the greatest society portraitist of his day.

Gallery label, August 2004

Charles Conder, By the Sea: Swanage  c.1901

Conder's directly painted little sketches of Swanage can be compared in approach with paintings by his slightly younger contemporaries in Britain, Augustus John and William Nicholson. Conder at the same time was also reviving an unusual genre, painting on fans in an eighteenth-century style. The prettiness and elegance of his fans is echoed in these sketches. Compare the contemporary fascination with rococo decorative art in Wilson Steer's 'Toilet of Venus' on show in this room.

Gallery label, September 2004

Philip Wilson Steer, Bird-nesting, Ludlow  1898

In the late 1890s Steer moved on from his Impressionist style, in which he had painted sunlit views of children beside the sea. He began to paint landscapes in which he set out to display what he considered the most beautiful countryside of Britain. He was guided by Turner to the spectacular British castles, and from Constable learned the attraction of woods and windy hilltops. The foregrounds of Turner's oil paintings sometimes include children playing country games, as with these children stealing birds' eggs. Steer returned to Ludlow often, as a favourite place.

Gallery label, September 2004

William Stott of Oldham, Prince or Shepherd? (Prince ou Berger?)  1880

William Stott studied in Paris under the French painter, Jean-Léon Gérôme. He also exhibited at the Paris Salon, where he was awarded a medal in 1882. This picture is an exercise in the type of rural naturalism practised by French artists like Jules Bastien-Lepage, who were in turn influenced by the group of painters working in the Cornish fishing village of Newlyn in England. Stott devotes considerable attention to the arrangement of the closely observed flowers and vegetation. This kind of detail appealed to more conservative elements of the British art world, such as the Royal Academy, where Stott frequently exhibited.

Gallery label, August 2004

Sir John Everett Millais, Bt, Hearts are Trumps  1872

Millais was commissioned to paint this portrait by writer and art collector Walter Armstrong. It features Armstrong’s daughters Elizabeth, Diana and Mary. Armstrong hoped the painting would help to raise the social profile of his family. The card game, and the title of the work, hint at competition over who would marry first. This was seen as important at the time for women of their social class. This work presents the social structures and expectations of the period as a game that these women have learnt to play skilfully.

Gallery label, August 2018

William McTaggart, Summer Sundown - Tir-nan-og  1880

MacTaggart stayed regularly during the summer at the tiny fishing village of Machrihanish on the west coast of Scotland, where he painted this, probably out of doors. It is unusual for him in not including figures, as he often used the village children as models. He added the title Tir-nan-og to this painting, which is the name of a legendary Celtic paradise in the West. Like many Scottish artists and collectors, MacTaggart admired Joseph Israels and the Hague School of landscape artists, whose work is similar to his. James Cow, who bequeathed this painting, was a Director of the National Galleries of Scotland, and author of a biography of MacTaggart published in 1917.

Gallery label, September 2004

John Samuel Raven, Study for ‘Saintfoin in Bloom’: View near Cobham in Kent  1857

This is a study for the finished picture exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1859 and described as a view near Cobham in Kent. Saintfoin (now usually spelled sainfoin) is a wild perennial herb with tall, conical pink flowers. Once cultivated as a fodder plant, its name is French and means ‘wholesome hay’. The influence of Pre-Raphaelitism can be seen in the rich colour and foreground detail.

Gallery label, November 2016

David Cox, Rhyl Sands  c.1854

Cox began making regular visits to north Wales after settling near Birmingham in 1841. Rhyl lay en route to his favourite destination, Betws-y-Coed. Primarily a watercolourist, Cox only took up oil painting seriously around 1840. 'Rhyl Sands' shows him working with total mastery and in a manner that is unique in British landscape painting of the 1850s.

Gallery label, August 2004

William Stott of Oldham, Le Passeur (The Ferryman)  1881

Here, two girls are pictured waiting for a ferry-boat to cross a river at dusk. It has been suggested that the title could be a reference to Charon, the ferryman of Greek mythology. Charon crosses the river Styx, the border between Earth and the Underworld. The dimming light and the flowing water may represent different phases of life and the passage from life to death. Le Passeur was painted on the shore of the river Loing in north-central France. It was made while Stott was staying at the international artists’ colony of Grez-sur-Loing.

Gallery label, May 2021

Emily Sargent, Street Scene with Figures, Assiut  1901

This group of thirty-seven watercolours by Emily Sargent (Tate T15646– T15682) were made between 1885 and 1929, with the majority of them dating from around 1900. The selection aims to be representative of Sargent’s career, encompassing the key subjects and geographical areas in her output. These include street scenes bathed in light and colour, with figures economically notated with confident, dark calligraphic strokes. Some work needs to be done to date and identify all the subjects in this group.

Sir George Clausen, Brown Eyes  1891

Clausen studied in France and painted open-air ‘rural naturalist’ subjects in an impressionist style. In 1886 he helped to found the New English Art Club as an alternative exhibition venue to the Royal Academy. This is a portrait of a local girl from the village of Cookham in Berkshire, where the artist was living. The delicate play of light across the model’s features, together with the flicked brushwork in the background, suggest both the freshness and transience of youth.

Gallery label, February 2016

Norman Garstin, Mount’s Bay and Tolcarne from Trewidden Farm Footpath with Alethea and her Mother  c.1898

Garstin painted this picture outdoors, or en plein air, like many of his works. It includes his wife Louisa Jones, and his daughter Alethea, who became a painter herself. His small, freely painted landscapes catch impressionistic light effects. Originally from Ireland, Garstin trained in Antwerp and Paris and moved to Cornwall by 1886. He was a teacher and writer as well as an artist. He was a member of the New English Art Club and the Newlyn School.

Gallery label, September 2020

Emily Sargent, Nile  1901

This group of thirty-seven watercolours by Emily Sargent (Tate T15646– T15682) were made between 1885 and 1929, with the majority of them dating from around 1900. The selection aims to be representative of Sargent’s career, encompassing the key subjects and geographical areas in her output. These include street scenes bathed in light and colour, with figures economically notated with confident, dark calligraphic strokes. Some work needs to be done to date and identify all the subjects in this group.

Charles Conder, Swanage  c.1901

Conder stayed at Swanage in Dorset with his younger friend Augustus John in the early summer of 1900. Both artists were working on large, decorative paintings, but Conder also made a series of oil sketches of the coast. This one is of the Swanage Coastguard Station, and a photograph from the time shows that it is portrayed quite accurately, even to the mast and flags at the top right. These artists were used to living in good company in London and Paris, and their working holiday in Swanage was an escape to sober living and hard work.

Gallery label, September 2004

Philip Wilson Steer, The Bridge  1887–8

This picture was strongly attacked by the critics when it was first exhibited in 1887, and dismissed by one as 'either a deliberate daub or so much mere midsummer madness'. Steer considered giving up painting in the wake of this disapproval. With its exploitation of the creamy fluency of oil paint, its atmospheric lighting and subdued colouring, 'The Bridge' is like Whistler's landscapes he called 'Nocturnes'. It was unusual in London at the time for its lack of detail, and for the uncertainly about its subject. The view is probably at Walberswick in Suffolk.

Gallery label, September 2004

Marianne Stokes, A Fisher Girl’s Light (A Pilgrim of Volendam returning from Kevelaer)  1899

A Fisher Girl’s Light depicts a young woman walking alongside a harbour, with her head tilted downwards, and her eyes closed. She appears absorbed in thought. She wears traditional local costume and winged, white headdress of the Dutch town of Volendam. Two lanterns glow orange against the dusk of the sea. Boats and nets appear beyond. The girl contemplates a rosary and a lantern bearing an image of Our Lady of Luxemburg, Kevelaer, Consoler of the Afflicted. The warm lantern spheres set against a cool geometry of nets and boats, looks forward to early twentieth-century abstraction. A Fisher Girl’s Light exemplifies Stokes’s study of medieval techniques and imminent adoption of an egg tempera medium, applied in tiny strokes, to achieve paler, purer colour and a smoother surface.

Charles Allston Collins, May, in the Regent’s Park  1851

This picture was probably painted from the artist’s family home in Hanover Terrace in London and shows the view east across Regent’s Park. The minute detail of this urban landscape, presented squarely and with little spatial depth, was considered absurd by critics when it was exhibited in 1852. Charles Collins’s meticulous painting style closely associated him with the Pre-Raphaelites. John Everett Millais proposed him for membership of the Brotherhood in 1850 but he was not accepted. By the end of the 1850s he had abandoned painting to concentrate on writing novels and essays.

Gallery label, November 2016

Derwent Lees, Métairie des Abeilles  1912

Sir James Jebusa Shannon, The Flower Girl  1900

Richard Parkes Bonington, A Distant View of St-Omer  c.1824

Bonington was born near Nottingham but moved to Calais in 1817 with his parents. There they set up a lace-making business before settling in Paris the following year. Most of his short life was spent in France. Delacroix was not alone in admiring his 'marvellous grasp of effects and the facility of his execution'. Working at first in watercolour, Bonington took up oils around 1823. He spent most of 1824 in Dunkerque and probably painted this view of St-Omer from the Boulogne-Calais road that year.

Gallery label, August 2004

Alfred Sisley, The Bridge at Sèvres  1877

Sisley lived in Sèvres, on the outskirts of Paris, between 1877 and 1880. While there, he painted ten pictures from the bridge, all from slightly different viewpoints. Most date from 1877. This one is painted looking south, with the first houses of Billancourt on the left and Sèvres on the right.

Gallery label, August 1993

Henry Bishop, Sirocco, Tetuan  c.1907–8

Thomas Jones, The Outskirts of London: A View Looking towards Queen Square  1785–6